How To Clean Spilled Milk On Mattress

The Signs and The Lindes

The Signs are signs, permanent indicators that are placed to fix the boundaries of estates, terms and borders.

are usually made of stone and their shapes and sizes are varied, but usually match the proportionality of the higher importance of the edge, the greater the size or significance of the milestone.

The stone used for its construction usually different color and composition to the place of its location, to ensure that stand out with respect to the surrounding environment. It is very common to have carved order number and the initials of the words to refer, sometimes even carry date. As the cadence of its location, is usually based on the geographical sinuous in places that mark the limits of a river, it dispenses with the use of pillars on its banks.

For placement, it digs a hole of some depth, deposited on the bottom pieces of coal and advantages, resource that appeals when, having lost a landmark is to find its position, kneeling on the floor placed vertically and tangentially to the limit, where you need to demarcate sharp angles (acute or right), placed two markers or size in the top of the stone to determine the angle, placement is performed before witnesses and representatives on both sides of the edge to demarcate

In Irun we mainly four types of Boundaries: Private, Military, International and Municipal.

Special

are marked by small stones, formed by stones no special size or reference, are the unknown for being on private land, however, are perhaps the most ink has been spilled because of old disputes known landmarks move unilaterally to the detriment of Coming from the neighbor. But like all exceptions are particularly crucial, and the boundaries are known lineage from families, large landowners whose boundaries are marked by conspicuous landmarks which contain the initials of the owner and the year of demarcation. Are also those of nature municipal, provincial, etc..

With a "G" capitalized are demarcating roads marked the provincial as existing at the edges of the road between Irun with Oiartzun, along the Aya Pena. There are also those who carry an "M" of municipal, as placed in Sorotxiki , or "F" these can be seen in many places: Arbiun . Erlaitz , Pagogaña , Askain , etc. Other show the initials "AI " indicating Hall of Irun , we have some shows in Sius .

Military

come in two types, characteristics and uses well-differentiated : those who mark a property of type military and deterrent to the deserters.

The Property, are made of cement have truncated pyramid and are rather small, eg at the foot of the existing tower Endarlatsa , reads one side the date 1885 and divided into the other three sides engraved : R. G. (branch of war), could still be a few more near the site of Erlaitz - Atxiñarri that it will be recalled was militarily in an area of \u200b\u200b148,088 m2, which acquired the State in 1891 in order to make a strong belt that was part of Irun entrenched - Oiartzun . This fort was never performed.

of deserters , we only know of the existence of two markers of this type are carved into red sandstone, the principal and most characteristic is the pillar of Soroeta , it is called so because it is located in the hill of the same name, at the foot of the road that passes between the mountains of Erlaitz and Pagogaña , opposite the ruins of the village Soroeta , which gives its name.

In reads:

The origin of these stones, if we read Serapio Mugica , dates from the century XVIII.

at this time should be very common among the soldiers who manned the border, the defection to France and wanting University Irun ... with customary zeal devoted to the service of Our King Lord, it was agreed (as recorded in the municipal book of minutes of April 13, 1762), to be published in the parish that any resident or inhabitant of this university that immediate recognition in those mountains, some deserters, forthwith give part of it to the recruits had at this University, or any chapter of her master to take the necessary orders .

In session 6 March 1763 a letter was reported in the province in which he realizes: ... that many deserters from the Regiment of Cantabria and for every one that is lame, real 120 will gratification. also mentions the waiver of penalties for those who return. University commissioning all residents engaged in his usual zeal in royal service.

could also have full effect in the second half of the nineteenth , when the first attempts to incorporate decks ranks Basque exempted until 1878 when charters were abolished after the Carlist Wars, and that led many desertions.

Perhaps most worthy of this landmark is to remain intact in the same place where he placed two and half centuries ago.

The story of another milestone, which is known, follows the same principles as that of Soroeta , was located in the neighborhood of Anaka the roadside linking the villages of Gebaraberri and Letxumborro therefore close to the line of Irun Hondarribia with , which passed behind the said land to the bridge of AMUT . Today, various modifications , the limit is on the bridge of Zubimusu in Mendelu .

Back in the sixties, when conducting a widening of that road, ripped the place marker, leaving him lying on the edge of the slope where he was long forgotten, until a famous irun, farmhouse owner Letxumborro , picked it up and kept giving notice to the City Council .

Today, this landmark of the same characteristics and the same inscription as above, is under private hands, hoping to better purpose.

International

The Cairn No. 1, the dividing line that separates Spain from France is located on the right bank of the river Bidasoa, a thousand feet below the bridge Endarlatsa on a rock called Txapitelakoarria , she has her seat in the first pillar, on which is carved a "1." As is clear from Annex V of the act of demarcation .

Txapitelakoarria

Here converge the municipalities of Irun , Biriatou and Vera de Bidasoa ( Bera .)

The Franco-English border was defined by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, runs superimposed on the Pyrenees mountains extending over 656.3 km., From southwestern France and northeastern English , linking the sea of \u200b\u200bBiscay and Mediterranean .

The current path due to the agreements of the Treaty of Bayonne 1856. through which boundaries were demarcated Guipúzcoa and Navarra. Successive treaties dealt with the other provinces.

In 1995, the Schengen agreement were abolished border controls of persons and goods, thus ensuring freedom of movement across the border.

Following the provisions of the Treaty of Bayonne , the border is physically marked by 602 markers. These markers are, from west to east, numbered consecutively and referenced with an initial. The "R" indicates the REAL attribute to the line.

The rest of the delimitation of the border town of Irun with France is also registered in the Treaty of Bayonne and article 9 states: From Chapitelaco -Arian the dividing line between the two monarchies will fall through the center of the mainstream of the river Bidasoa , at low tide, to enter with him into the harbor Higuer of retaining its Current nationality the islands, and leaving Pheasants of the common to the two nations. We must remember in this connection that the Isle of Pheasants is the smaller European condominium.

Municipal

The first date found in the municipal archives sobe landmarks, dating from October 10, 1571, in which it is stated that: ... are from time immemorial to this part, in those minutes testifies ... a bisita of the landmarks that are in the meadow called Urcan in dibisión of Lesaca and the University of Yrun Urancu , Putting it into effect and bisitaron and allaron rreconocieron six stone markers ... Back there are other writings that are regarding the placement of a landmark new or has revised regularly.

occasion of the Royal Decree exemption jurisdiction issued on 14 March 1766 and signed by King Carlos III through which it is attached to the University of Irun ... the waiver in civil and criminal, because the political and military rulers and governed by its officers , for Fuenterrabia and fix the boundary between two territories that border ... from the site Arroio Gainchurisketa call up to the forge of Urdanibia Espido and dividing the two terms to the bridge named Telleria and from to give to the bridge and continuing the same AMUT Arroio to where it enters the river Bidasoa ... . resolution that is implicit in the title of Villa. For this reason we proceeded with the demarcation of the entire municipal territory by placing more markers to determine their boundaries, as witnessed two of them are carved the date of 1,766. are located in the hamlet of Adarearri and Erbitegi. Following these boundaries are known to have undergone some changes.

The town of Irun, has a total area of \u200b\u200b4,176 hectares., Defines eight people, three of whom are French, two and three Gipuzkoa Navarre, making as follows : the north Hondarribia (6.01 km.) Hendaye (3.14 km.) and Urrugne (0.10 km.) east to Biriatou (7.63 km) and Bera (0.28 km.) to Lesaka south (5.93 km) and west Oiartzun (7.42 km) and Lezo (0.62 km.), Which sum a perimeter of 31.13 km.

The number of markers demarcating the perimeter was 72, looking at the map of Irun made in 1896 by French geographers, brothers Erhard and published in Paris in 1901, today this number has changed. The type of rock they are carved the stones are of red sandstone, its size is varied, exceeded one meter high by 0.50 wide and 0.15 thick, in each of the two sides have entered the initial of the locality. These initial answer: Y (Irun), O (Oiartzun) L (Lezo and Lesaka) and F (Hondarribia). The municipal boundary is divided into four sections, carrying the markers of each of your numbered, in two of these markers is read the date of 1,766.

is nothing new the disappearance or destruction of certain milestones. But with regard to the location of No. 1, which has always believed that was placed at the site of Artasoro, along the canal that brings water Domik as recited in the above map Irun. It is known however that in the aforementioned review of 1,571 minutes, citing the location of the first marker reads: ... the first thing most of the meadow Baxo Urcan. Azia the part where is located the yuso Endara ironworks in the part called Edanlecuburua. This forge, then transformed into the mill and whose remains are preserved today, is located near the bridge of Boga in Endarlatsa.

Another testimony of 1,873, is the defendant request the City Council, by the director of the British mining company (which operated in Endarlaza) by reason of the works of widening the bridge on the Boga to navigate the mine train , permission to move the marker placed on the bridge Boga.

also have other data from 1889, is the certification of a municipal act, signed by D º Emilio Navas, secretary that was our consistory. It reads: ... Gathered in a small village Artasoro in jurisdiction of the town of Irun, on October 29th of 1889, the S res. with their respective offices and representation below are expressed in compliance with the Royal Order of August 20 last, was verified the demarcation as follows:

1 Landmark: One is located on the bridge named Boga , the point where the race ends Endara, into the river Bidasoa and continuing the limit of JURISDICTION in the middle of the race or stream to the point called Aitzolaco-Erreca near the hamlet of Artasoro where is placed the 2 nd Marker ...

trust that at the end of the works that are taking place in the environment Endalatsa Boga and the reform of the road N.121, our City Council proceed with the placement of a new Marker No. 1, where it always was.

• Boga Bridge, located at the confluence of the race with the river Bidasoa Endara, to the Rock of Aya. These mark the boundary Lesaka southeast, have a numbering through twelve, although currently the number one is gone and the twelfth is cut soil deposit. This river is known by the name of "The Twelve Apostles, to bring everyone the name of a saint, the first San Pedro and Santo Tomas last. According to two documents, 1571, deposited in the archives of Irun and Lesaka.

• De Hirumugarrieta to Usateguieta, represents the limit with Oiartzun, on the southwest side, the stones were numbered from one to forty-one, today there are more milestones as between a number and the following have put what has been given call the number "bis" and have for example 5 and 5 bis, the latter not numbered. The first is a small cairn located at the top of Hirumugarrieta (site formerly known as Zamarrolagaña) is triangular and bears the initials AND, OR and L, each geared to the municipality they represent. This marker was placed on July 26, 1817. In this section are the stones bearing the date 1766, are No. 9, located at the site of Aldarearri and No. 27, located near the village Erbitegui at the foot of the road linking sales with Arkale and Oiartzun .
  

• De Usategieta to Gaintxurizketa is a short drive from two thousand feet marking the boundary with Lezo on the west side, there are four existing milestones, being double that of Usateguieta to mark angle. Today the work of widening of the N1 highway, have changed the environment and proceeded to the placement of a new landmark at the top of Gaintxurizketa.
  

• De Gaintxurizketa to Mendelu, represents part of the northern edge of being all of it with the municipality of Hondarribia, this section originally had thirteen when none numbered markers, the latter was on the bridge Zubimusu today landmark bridge and disappeared, but in 1999 a marker was placed new Zubimusu place. The rest of the northeast boundary to be at river has no landmarks. Documentation

consulted: AM Irun: C-5-1-18, A-1-95
AM Lesaka: C-158-CPTA. 6, C-547-CPTA. 5

Drakes Skinniest Tight

RR OCA THE FAITH IN THE BIDASOA RR (1916 - 1956)















Kostorbe Station (Irun)


Introduction

Railways, this innovative system of transportation of both people and goods was born in S. United nineteenth Kingdom. After several trials was achieved in 1930 to unite the cities of Liverpool and Manchester via the railway.

The first body was interested peninsular medium was so new provincial council, that the August 12, 1831 at a general meeting held in Gernika, presented the project of joining Madrid, Bilbao and Irun. Has been undertaken this initiative would of course be the fourth country after UK, U.S. and France in developing the new technology of transportation, putting the country at the forefront of European development. But the First Carlist War did away with the project. The first line opened on peninsular October 28, 1848, joined the cities Barcelona and Mataro, and October 22, 1863 the railroad arrived at Irun in the hands of the Society of the Northern Railway, who joined Madrid to Irun and the French border.

speed, security, heavy load and could cover long distances were the letter of the revolutionary genius, European fever aroused by the railways, while pushing aside the traditional means of transport , consisting of care for people and the car for materials, both based on animal traction. Legislation




S. In Spain XIX, which predominated involutions wars and policies, are coming to demand the enactment of new legislation consistent with the time industrial, economic and development that existed in Europe. Since the end of the unfortunate reign of Fernando VII, a period of government with a progressive and liberal legislation that were established according to the times we are living, layes that stood out for their status as liberal and openings through which invited capital to invest abroad, providing security, legal and bank guarantees covering the establishment of new businesses and development of major projects.

Thus was born a wide rules among which worth noting, by have a direct bearing on the design and development of Bidasoa Railway, the Railways Act, 1855, the Law on Banks and Credit Societies, 1856 and the Mining Law of 1849 and 1869. This legislation, free money changer rate was very favorable to private enterprise, which inspired the confidence of companies and foreign capital, thus boosting the implementation of national and foreign entities that promoted industrial development in our region.

Some of these industries were: Bidassoa Mines, France and The Bidasoa Railway & Mines Limited, England, which dealt with mining in the Lower Bidasoa, and that given the growing demand gives the mineral iron and steel companies, mainly Forges d'Adour in Bayonne, were in need of upgrading their delivery systems by acquiring small narrow gauge railway to transport miners.

The upgrades in production and transportation systems, new companies, were made under the new legislation, which for example the banking law stated in its second article, [... create all sorts of ways companies iron, canals, factories, mines, docks, and what you want other industrial or public utility.

The Lower Bidasoa mining concessions, set up different lines railway to transport their goods. The most significant of them was the one who was traveling Endarlaza - Irun, known as the Train Txikito and later, by granting ownership of passenger service, became the Ferrocarril del Bidasoa.

The "Train Txikito" Endarlaza - Irun

At the meeting of Irun Town Council May 8, 1872, read a statement by Mr. Earl John de Kranchy, manager British company mines, in which he stated the project construction of [... a tram or railroad branch trying to build from the bridge Endarlaza Station Road North of this town. After several disputes with the owners of the land and the cessation of the works for several years by the war, the railway with a gauge of 0.914 m an English yard, and a length of 10,500 meters, opened the company's director D, Eduardo Clemente Hamelin, 1 July 1890.

Through the achievement of a royal orders were obtained the required authorizations. Thus, through the RO granted on December 24, 1888 was achieved by the granting of building and operation of a railroad economic, direct service and public use for the transport of minerals and commodities, while authorizing the occupation of public lands. This concession was granted for 99 years then going to be State property and may not require the concessionaire for the use of this railway higher prices than those established in the previously approved rate. The least mobile material had to arrange for the holding was three locomotives, forty cars adequate open transport and loading and unloading items.

also authorized the "Company the roads of Northern Railway of Spain "for as provided in Article 2 of the RO on 9 August of that year, build, and explode, tracks, needles, and crosses needed to link the new rail line Irun to Burgos, the height at which this is linked with the French way "Midi Railway." With what had got the train Endarlaza - Irun, the precursor of FC. Bidasoa was international, with direct link to both the port of Pasajes and the Bayonne.

Arrival at the station Irun City

were established at the moment and mineral loading stations, both at origin and destination, so we proceeded to build Endarlaza station, near Boga bridge, where the descending mineral mines Eskolamendi (Lesaka), and the landing of San Miguel on the banks of the Bidasoa, arriving preserve minerals extracted from San Fernando, in the foothills of the Peña de Aya, by a little train called "The Tres Coronas "starting from the premises of the English castle, followed a horizontal path 5 miles long, carried to an altitude of 500m, reaching the eastern slope Mount Pagogaña from there through two powerful plans totaling 1800m existing bridge the gap until you reach the stop of San Miguel where through hoppers gravity discharging wagons on the main road.

After several years of construction disputes and wars, finally D. Clement Hamelin, saw completion of the work, carrying out its inauguration on 1 July 1890. Estimating the company would start the ore trade, with the contribution of three hundred tons per day, given that not all mining galleries were open and fully operational.

's payroll employees who depended on the Bidasoa Railway and Mines Limited, the concessionaire of the railway "Endarlaza-Irun, amounted in 1889 to the not inconsiderable figure of 445 workers. In the years that lasted the works, the investments made by the company amounted to 4,000,000 French francs, the currency in which the company performed their balance sheets. Amount that should be added the wages paid to employees.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the town of Irun rose above the provincial average, standing at the head of Guipúzcoa after the capital, it motivated by industrial development and other socio-political events. Looking at the census of population during this period of time, we found the following population movements:

In 1800, Irun only reached the 1,180 inhabitants.
In 1860, the implementation of the Customs, made up to 5487.

the end of the century, in 1900, at the height railway arrived in 9912, a development that grew steadily throughout the new century.

Automotive (Bera Station)


The Railway Bidasoa

From the moment you opened Txikito Rail, the company was very clear that the future of the railway was extended through the basin of the river Bidasoa, even in a second project to take it to Pamplona. There were many proposals and projects championed by individual companies and engineers. In Spain they were building the main radial routes such as Madrid-Irun-Madrid or Zaragoza and none passed through the Navarre capital, so that the draft Railway Bidasoa earned capital importance because through it some saw the possibility of Pamplona join with the border and at the same time with the Madrid-Irun.

Meanwhile it happened that the French and British mining companies were dissolved to facilitate its purchase in 1901 by the company and Lesaca Irun Mines and Railroad Bidasoa, capital Bilbao, who then in 1912 transferred all rights and obligations inherent in railway concession, for the newly created (1911), Railway Company Bidasoa, being in front of it as administrator - Delegate D. Mourgue lion. So that the first company to capitalize on the mining complex while the second would deal exclusively with rail project.

This dynamic new company and its administrator proposed from the outset to achieve Elizondo Irun railway, for which initiated a round of negotiations with the mayors of the affected people, which I present the new project involving the construction of 51.499 km of railways, to Throughout the course of the river Bidasoa, which would have to practice eight tunnels between one hundred and two hundred meters, five bridges and two stone metal with a gauge of one meter, as well as stations and halts. Expropriated land were valued at 310,000 pesetas, which were provided by the 33 villages Bidasoa basin, and the total budget amounted to 8. 000,000 pesetas.

In October 1912, Official Gazette of the Province of Navarre issued a provision authorizing Leon Mourgue the construction and operation, over ninety-nine years of a railroad that would link Irun to Elizondo, public passenger service and freight without State subsidy.

The works were started in late 1912, with the firm intention by the company we finished in just over a year, but the added difficulties for some owners of land, forced the company to eminent domain what took so long to work that were involved in the terrible consequences of European war of 1914 that paralyzed the works for a long time, so could not proceed with its opening until February 1916, has been put on the stretch Santesteban Irun, and some months later proceeded to the opening of the full line up Elizondo.

The material of which the Company had was of good quality and in number of units, locomotion consisted of four powerful steam engines, built by the house COPPEL Berlin. Weighing 68 tons and a power delivery of 300 bhp., Available in three shafts connected to a radial, with the distribution system and boilers of the most advanced of the time.

The baptized with the names: Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Vizcaya and Alava. The company got imported from Germany just before the outbreak of war in Europe, managed to bring the peninsula to the north of Africa.

passenger cars measured forty feet long and were mounted on rotating cars were equipped with steam heating, electric lights, automatic brake, toilet and sink. Available, at least the first class of large armchairs with folding tables and differentiated space for nonsmokers, providing high comfort improper narrow gauge railways.

The vans were prepared for transport and delivery of parcels, and therefore available to the postal service. Wagons were capable and solid, and each had up to 20,000 kilos, with some closed and others open with upper and lower edges, having been built by the Company Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, in modern workshops that this company had in Beasaín.

Subsequently, in December 1930 with the aim of modernizing the service has contemplated the possibility of incorporating three motor vehicle fleet, equipped with the new technology of the time, namely the replacement of gasoline vapor. For three cars were imported this model "Verney" were provided by the Societe Centrale de Chemins de Fer, Paris. These modern vehicles were equipped with two axles, equipped with a gasoline engine and transmission car type, were manufactured by the firm "Panhard. These new trains went to cover the remaining passenger service locomotives for the conveyance of goods.

Automotive Panhard (Station Elizondo)


Bidasoa

The railroad was equipped with infrastructure to match any of the railroads of the time. The central station of Irun, (Kostorbe), located at the foot of the northern slope of high Mendibil, was a complex occupying an area of \u200b\u200b20,000 m2 with several buildings on those who settled the workshops, warehousing and other dependencies between highlighting the main building which had 1018 m2, with a length of fifty feet and two stories, on which stood a slender square tower with a pointed top, surrounded by a balcony that looked slim watches. The ground floor housed the offices season and leaving the first floor rooms of engineers and managers, general director of housing and meeting rooms. This was surrounded by a beautiful and well kept garden in the that looked extremely varied plants and flowers.

Another element to note was the loading of ore, was located between the station and Irun Kostorbe city on the west side of Mendibil and international routes parallel to train French and English. This unique landing of 135 meters long stood 7.35 m above the general. Consisted of two parts, the first one was the base formed by two walls on which they settled the hoppers of the deposit was made in brick masonry arches thirty available by the natural light entering.

The second, mounted three feet above the base, composed crosslinked structure of iron metal, forming a bridge to that accessed the mining and railroad tracks from where it is discharged by gravity minerals on the hoppers. The lower part, below the hopper was a long tunnel that accessed the trains to carry the load, which was done in a mechanized, either admitting both English and French cars, it was equipped with three-lane roads that provided simultaneously the two gauges.

mineral loading




The Sunset Train

A Throughout its forty years of existence the train never fulfilled their potential targets, either in number of passengers or tons of goods to transport, consequently their financial status were never satisfactory, despite potential studies were carried out based the carriage of ore, quarry products, forestry, livestock, coal supply, etc., to which we should add a population density along the basin bidasotarra not very high but really rooted in its environment and very little travel.

Only thirteen years of his forty of existence, gives a positive economic balance by Usually the company always endured excessive expenditure side, which would add the cycles of scarcity and rising cost of fuel, both coal and gas, leading to the end of the fuel shortage forced the transformation of gasoline engines of vehicles in gas generators, by forcing drastic cuts in personnel costs, both administrative and ways and works. Another fundamental and crucial element was the unstoppable development of public services by road, both trucks and buses, competition from companies like The Bidasotarra, (1925) based in Bera de Bidasoa, La Aurrera of Elizondo and The Baztanesa, (1929) also Elizondo.

cycles of instability and hardship he had endured in European wars like the English Civil War or the decade of the 30 troubled by the continuing strikes and job insecurity brought in check the Government of the Republic, was significant three-month strike led by the workers Funbera (Bera), one of the most important companies in the area, with direct access to train in the cast or the Mines of Irun and Lesaca that kept more than two months mine closed.

were many railway companies in those years was going through economic difficulties so the state issued a set of rules to help ease the crisis, the company always tried to qualify for many state provisions were of interest, such as revision of rates, capital investment, state intervention in corporate control the growing debt, etc. In other society did not fail to advertise their services and other organized ordinary, holidays, train trips in tourism with the Baztan, also offered the possibility of renting special units to go to see sporting events, parties in some towns or provide assistance to political rallies, it was also Typically, the school rented out Lekaroz trains to transport their students.

Even with all it was not enough, in October 1953, an impressive waterspout starting infrastructure has seriously affected more than 400m of track, prompting the company to ask, given the financial situation, the resignation of concession granted by the State through the RD. on September 14, 1956.

As a cold afternoon, the 31 December 1956, Elizabeth left the train bound for Irun from which came back from his neck.

This paper is a summary of the study published in the newsletter, LUIS DE URANZU KULTUR Taldea, n º 25, 2007.

Hair Dryer With Brush Attachment

CALERO OVENS Aranzate

OVEN CALERO, MAITZULO-BESABI (Iriondo, 2008)




lime production at small scale.

The development of lime from limestone melted in furnaces called calciners, is a technique that has been practiced from time immemorial until well into the first third of the twentieth century.

Following the dictionary, we find the application of lime kiln for both the stone quarry to the kilns where it is melted, reserving to the operator the name of liming. While, however, is widespread tobacco industry either voice or liming to refer to the oven where the cooking is materialized.

Lime is a material whose use represents a diverse and broad range of applications, was used as flux in metallurgical operations, such as pottery, crucibles for many temperature, dehydration and drying fluid spaces and various products ; in sugar processing, manufacture of potash, ammonia, chloride of lime and hydraulic lime, as well as tanning and treatment of the salt in obtaining soda lime that much emphasis had since the nineteenth century until decades on the job as an agent absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the development of physiological studies in construction and also in medicine where he had a great significance as an antiseptic and pests and infectious diseases such as cholera and typhus and also was used as an inhibitor of putrefaction of water. In past centuries the health regulations required to be covered with lime corpses of dead people and animals and disinfect infectious diseases in epidemic situations fecal material by the same procedure.

Perhaps the most ancient and widespread use of lime mortar is to produce or mortar to construct solid buildings, stone and mortar . To that end properties were used to regain strength in contact with carbon dioxide from the air in a symmetrical process of obtaining, for thousands of years. Was also used in a long list of agricultural and domestic uses. Even today, some laws, like the Navarro Regional Decree, provide for the use of lime in their health-funeral rules.

The slaked lime, diluted in water, is what constitutes the slurry, which has traditionally been used in whitewash the walls of houses. The lime is a strong base, which absorbs intensity of carbon dioxide from the air, covered with a white film of carbonate of lime. This is what happens when you let it dry after spreading lime on the wall, this film has a white dial and is impervious to rain.

are precisely the domestic and agricultural purposes, of all those, which give rise to the use of lime and consequently to the proliferation of these small and primitive stoves in rural areas of our peoples.

can easily understand that the production of lime, and thus the abundance of the furnace is on, if it prevails in the rock environment limestone, but also occurs when the adverse and favorable geology is the lack of lime, as in the geographic area that surrounds the massif Aia - Five villas, represented by primary rocks and Paleozoic granite or slate. In Irun, given the circumstance described above, and the point of greatest concentration of lime "seven" gives geologically scarce space in the limestone, distributed in an area represented by the conglomerate at the base of industries and Triassic red sandstone. We refer to the environment and the farmsteads Meaker Meaker Goikoa Beko, where we could barely find the race with a small outbreak limestone. What makes us think that the lack of a subject, does not prevent the production of it derivative, but it facilitates the transport of it.

Ovens

The lime kilns are stone buildings, erected inside for calcining limestone materials in order to obtain quicklime. Its exterior shape is generally cylindrical or truncated-pyramid, with rare exceptions oval or square, like that of San Anton in Goizueta. This geometric exception, however, is more common in Vizcaya. The interiors are always cylindrical, The most common are three to four meters high and two in diameter, providing the Cuba of stew, an interior capacity of around 6 cubic meters. There are also known, type "French", or high Cuba, whose length is around six or seven meters, but with a smaller diameter, about one meter, to improve the draft, making them less common but with sufficient examples, as we have seen in the town of Urnieta and Leiza.

Generally this is not an exempt building, but part of its structure is usually embedded in the hillside or taking advantage of a slope, providing a portion of its volume below ground level, occupying release the rest outside. This lift is made of stone, like the liner, in some cases, there is even, which feature an elegant front of masonry received, as in the case of the tobacco industry's singular Maitzulo in Urnieta, at the foot of Mount Adarra.

His most significant parts are formed by the upper mouth or blast furnace, which is charging, the Cuba of cooked and the front on which are the arc discharge outlet, which gives access to home and on the basis of it, is the channel through which distilled lime-living and ashtray. In some stairs, mainly in Guipuzcoa, the arc of the discharge is focused in front of two counters oblique to the work being provided them in a small cupboard carved in the wall. The top of the lift, where the upper mouth, generally tends to narrow the diameter providing the right shot. The entrance arch to the home is usually a simple structure, semicircular or segmental, but we also find elegant representations splayed towards the interior, especially when the structure is determined by thick walls, a case in point would be the oven Alduncin at Goizueta.

The Home

is the inside bottom of the oven, is provided with a strong metal grill on which to perform fire. This is prepared by placing logs piled in the center cone-shaped hole, putting in interiory inside the gorse, which burns with a flame easy, always arranged so as to facilitate the combustion through the flue, where the home base has adequate fuel layer, which draws up the grill and temperature, we proceed to the furnace load shedding in the upper mouth of the blast furnace alternating layers of limestone pebbles and cut into logs, the most valued of these are called stumps , which are the base of trees is a land after harvesting. Have the burden through Cuba's cooked, so you run the right shot from the arc to home base upper opening so that air flow will help raise the temperature of roasting or melting of around between 820 º and 900 º. When considered "mounted" the oven it is then on, start the procedure after three to five days, when the fire reaches the top of the oven, indicating the end of the roasting process. This system is called single or intermittent production. There is also the so-called continuous production, consisting of continuous recharge, when, as the lime is evacuated through the channel of bleeding, pour new alternating layers of limestone and fuel for the blast furnace, the color of smoke indicates an expert liming whether to add wood or stone. This continuous production process is carried out only in the type furnaces called "fance" where his high Cuba and its small diameter, around a meter, facilitated the operation.

Obtaining

lime Quicklime is produced by calcining limestone in these special ovens called Calero, where the stone is subjected to a temperature of around 900 º.

The raw material is limestone is a sedimentary rock, consisting of chemical and mineralogical by carbonates, mainly calcium and magnesium, the formula is: CaMg (CO3) 2. The process causes the following reaction:

limestone + heat = carbon dioxide +

lime CaCO3 + CO2 + heat = CaO

Calcium carbonate + heat = carbon dioxide + calcium oxide



Lime living is very caustic and has a great affinity for water, for which contact is transformed into hydroxide, with great development of heat during the process.

Quicklime is killed, mixing it with water, obtaining the slaked lime or hydrated lime, this extinction environment produces a 30-50% contribution of water to form carbon hydroxide Ca (OH) 2:

Quicklime + Water + heat =
lime CaO + H2O = Ca (OH) 2 + heat
Calcium oxide + Water = carbon + heat hydroxide

Lime is a natural product, whose use has been very important in the past, as it is currently an important issue in our daily lives. As indicated above, the oldest and most widespread use has been the preparation of mortar or plaster, used in building construction, building on the property that the scale has to purchase very hard to make contact with air.

The slaked lime, slightly soluble in water, mixed with sand and water to make mortar. A lime and a sand . Once applied to the mortar, lime recovers CO2 out of the atmosphere and becomes calcium carbonate again (which is known as set), recovering their original strength and returning the water absorbed in the shutdown process. This is the reaction that occurs:

calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) + Carbon dioxide + water = calcium carbonate


Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O

Regionally, some ovens for their most significant conservation level structural or architectural elegance, we have found in the municipal Urnieta, Arano, Leiza, Goizueta and Oiartzun. In Irun, we recorded a total of 30 units, among which include: those of Gorroaga, Mendiola and Altzubide. RICARDO

Berodia Gordejuela. 2008